Returns a Grid of boolean food indicator variables. Grids can be accessed via list notation, so to check if there is food at

Returns the start state for the search problem.

state: Search state For a given state, this should return a list of triples, (successor, action, stepCost), where 'success

Return the value of the state (computed in __init__).

Using self-defined function, alpha_value(), beta_value() to choose the most appropriate action Only when it's the final state, can we

state: Search state Returns True if and only if the state is a valid goal state.

Returns the Manhattan distance between points xy1 and xy2

Returns the Manhattan distance between points xy1 and xy2

Finds the nearest grid point to a position (discretizes).

normalize a vector or counter by dividing each value by the sum of all values

Called by environment to inform agent that a transition has been observed. This will result in a call to self.update

Pop the most recently pushed item from the stack

Runs a few games and outputs their statistics.

Runs a few games and outputs their statistics.

Compute the best action to take in a state. Note that if there are no legal actions, which is the case at the terminal state,

Compares two distributions

Compares two distributions

The Agent will receive a GameState (from either {pacman, capture, sonar}.py) and must return an action from Directions.{North, South,

Returns the current state of enviornment

Returns a Grid of boolean food indicator variables. Grids can be accessed via list notation, so to check if there is food at

Return the probability P(noisyDistance | pacmanPosition, ghostPosition).

Return a distribution over successor positions of the ghost from the given gameState. You must first place the ghost in the gameState

Returns Q(state,action) Should return 0.0 if we have never seen a state or the Q node value otherwise

Returns the state after the specified agent takes the action.

Returns list of (nextState, prob) pairs representing the states reachable from 'state' by taking 'action' along with

Indents a table by column. - rows: A sequence of sequences of items, one sequence per row. - hasHeader: True if the first row consists o