seahorse: Write Solana programs in Python

The ease of Python with the safety of Rust.

Seahorse lets you write Solana programs in Python. It is a community-led project built on Anchor.

Developers gain Python's ease-of-use, while still having the same safety guarantees of every Rust program on the Solana chain. Low-level memory problems are handled by default, letting you worry about the important stuff.

Features

• Compile-time type safety
• Fully interoperable with Rust code
• Compatibility with Anchor

The Seahorse compiler generates intermediate Rust artifacts and uses Anchor to do some of the heavy lifting.

Seahorse is beta software. Many features are unimplemented and it's not production-ready.

Get started

Installation

Examples

Example: FizzBuzz

Here's a very simple program that does something similar to the classic FizzBuzz problem.

# fizzbuzz
# Built with Seahorse v0.1.0
#
# On-chain, persistent FizzBuzz!

from seahorse.prelude import *

declare_id('Fg6PaFpoGXkYsidMpWTK6W2BeZ7FEfcYkg476zPFsLnS')

class FizzBuzz(Account):
  fizz: bool
  buzz: bool
  n: u64

@instruction
def init(owner: Signer, fizzbuzz: Empty[FizzBuzz]):
  fizzbuzz.init(payer = owner, seeds = ['fizzbuzz', owner])

@instruction
def do_fizzbuzz(fizzbuzz: FizzBuzz, n: u64):
  fizzbuzz.fizz = n % 3 == 0
  fizzbuzz.buzz = n % 5 == 0
  if not fizzbuzz.fizz and not fizzbuzz.buzz:
    fizzbuzz.n = n
  else:
    fizzbuzz.n = 0

This shows some basic Seahorse functionality, like account initialization and creating instructions. For more, check out Calculator: Your first Seahorse program or other examples here.

The compiler architecture changed entirely in v0.2.0, here's a brief overview - more details here:

SEAHORSE CORE: THE COMPILER (v0.2.0)
┌───────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                                           │
│ ┌───────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ PARSE                                 │ │
│ │                                       │ │
│ │ Turn Seahorse source code into Python │ │
│ │ AST. Handled by rustpython.           │ │
│ └───────────────────┬───────────────────┘ │
│                     │                     │
│                    AST                    │
│                     │                     │
│ ┌───────────────────▼───────────────────┐ │
│ │ CLEAN                                 │ │
│ │                                       │ │
│ │ Remove unsupported parts from the AST │ │
│ │ (like yields statements). Does some   │ │
│ │ minor changes to make compilation     │ │
│ │ easier.                               │ │
│ └───────────────────┬───────────────────┘ │
│                     │                     │
│                    AST                    │
│                     │                     │
│ ┌───────────────────▼───────────────────┐ │
│ │ PREPROCESS                            │ │
│ │                                       │ │
│ │ Find the source files for every       │ │
│ │ import - recursively calls the first  │ │
│ │ two steps as well.                    │ │
│ │                                       │ │
│ │ Outputs a "module registry" which has │ │
│ │ every parsed+cleaned source file.     │ │
│ └───────────────────┬───────────────────┘ │
│                     │                     │
│                  registry                 │
│                     │                     │
│ ┌───────────────────▼───────────────────┐ │
│ │ COMPILE                               │ │
│ │ ┌───────────────────────────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ NAMESPACE                         │ │ │
│ │ │                                   │ │ │
│ │ │ Resolve the location of every     │ │ │
│ │ │ import/export in each module.     │ │ │
│ │ └─────────────────┬─────────────────┘ │ │
│ │                   │                   │ │
│ │         registry & namespaces         │ │
│ │                   │                   │ │
│ │ ┌─────────────────▼─────────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ SIGN                              │ │ │
│ │ │                                   │ │ │
│ │ │ Find types of everything outside  │ │ │
│ │ │ function bodies - class fields,   │ │ │
│ │ │ function params/return type.      │ │ │
│ │ └─────────────────┬─────────────────┘ │ │
│ │                   │                   │ │
│ │         registry & signatures         │ │
│ │                   │                   │ │
│ │ ┌─────────────────▼─────────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ CHECK                             │ │ │
│ │ │                                   │ │ │
│ │ │ Type check function bodies. Also  │ │ │
│ │ │ outputs the type of each expres-  │ │ │
│ │ │ sion, used for doing syntactic    │ │ │
│ │ │ transformations later.            │ │ │
│ │ └─────────────────┬─────────────────┘ │ │
│ │                   │                   │ │
│ │         registry & expr. types        │ │
│ │                   │                   │ │
│ │ ┌─────────────────▼─────────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ BUILD                             │ │ │
│ │ │                                   │ │ │
│ │ │ Turn the original Python AST into │ │ │
│ │ │ a Rust-like AST, assisted by the  │ │ │
│ │ │ type information from CHECK.      │ │ │
│ │ │                                   │ │ │
│ │ │ The new AST includes special      │ │ │
│ │ │ constructs for things native to   │ │ │
│ │ │ Anchor, like ix contexts.         │ │ │
│ │ └───────────────────────────────────┘ │ │
│ │                                       │ │
│ └───────────────────┬───────────────────┘ │
│                     │                     │
│                    AST                    │
│                     │                     │
│ ┌───────────────────▼───────────────────┐ │
│ │ GENERATE                              │ │
│ │                                       │ │
│ │ Finally, turn the Rust-like AST into  │ │
│ │ Rust source code. Generates code for  │ │
│ │ each source file individually, as     │ │
│ │ well as a lib.rs that contains the    │ │
│ │ "real" instruction entrypoints.       │ │
│ └───────────────────────────────────────┘ │
│                                           │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘