CTranslate2

CTranslate2 is a C++ and Python library for efficient inference with Transformer models.

The project implements a custom runtime that applies many performance optimization techniques such as weights quantization, layers fusion, batch reordering, etc., to accelerate and reduce the memory usage of Transformer models on CPU and GPU.

The following model types are currently supported:

• Encoder-decoder models: Transformer base/big, M2M-100, NLLB, BART, mBART, Pegasus, T5, Whisper
• Decoder-only models: GPT-2, GPT-J, GPT-NeoX, OPT, BLOOM, MPT, Llama, Mistral, Gemma, CodeGen, GPTBigCode, Falcon
• Encoder-only models: BERT, DistilBERT, XLM-RoBERTa

Compatible models should be first converted into an optimized model format. The library includes converters for multiple frameworks:

• OpenNMT-py
• OpenNMT-tf
• Fairseq
• Marian
• OPUS-MT
• Transformers

The project is production-oriented and comes with backward compatibility guarantees, but it also includes experimental features related to model compression and inference acceleration.

Key features

• Fast and efficient execution on CPU and GPU

The execution is significantly faster and requires less resources than general-purpose deep learning frameworks on supported models and tasks thanks to many advanced optimizations: layer fusion, padding removal, batch reordering, in-place operations, caching mechanism, etc. * Quantization and reduced precision

The model serialization and computation support weights with reduced precision: 16-bit floating points (FP16), 16-bit brain floating points (BF16), 16-bit integers (INT16), and 8-bit integers (INT8). * Multiple CPU architectures support

The project supports x86-64 and AArch64/ARM64 processors and integrates multiple backends that are optimized for these platforms: Intel MKL, oneDNN, OpenBLAS, Ruy, and Apple Accelerate. * Automatic CPU detection and code dispatch

One binary can include multiple backends (e.g. Intel MKL and oneDNN) and instruction set architectures (e.g. AVX, AVX2) that are automatically selected at runtime based on the CPU information. * Parallel and asynchronous execution

Multiple batches can be processed in parallel and asynchronously using multiple GPUs or CPU cores. * Dynamic memory usage

The memory usage changes dynamically depending on the request size while still meeting performance requirements thanks to caching allocators on both CPU and GPU. * Lightweight on disk

Quantization can make the models 4 times smaller on disk with minimal accuracy loss. * Simple integration

The project has few dependencies and exposes simple APIs in Python and C++ to cover most integration needs. * Configurable and interactive decoding

Advanced decoding features allow autocompleting a partial sequence and returning alternatives at a specific location in the sequence. * Support tensor parallelism for distributed inference

Very large model can be split into multiple GPUs. Following this documentation to set up the required environment.

Some of these features are difficult to achieve with standard deep learning frameworks and are the motivation for this project.

Installation and usage

CTranslate2 can be installed with pip:

pip install ctranslate2

The Python module is used to convert models and can translate or generate text with few lines of code:

translator = ctranslate2.Translator(translation_model_path)
translator.translate_batch(tokens)

generator = ctranslate2.Generator(generation_model_path)
generator.generate_batch(start_tokens)

See the documentation for more information and examples.

Benchmarks

We translate the En->De test set newstest2014 with multiple models:

• OpenNMT-tf WMT14: a base Transformer trained with OpenNMT-tf on the WMT14 dataset (4.5M lines)
• OpenNMT-py WMT14: a base Transformer trained with OpenNMT-py on the WMT14 dataset (4.5M lines)
• OPUS-MT: a base Transformer trained with Marian on all OPUS data available on 2020-02-26 (81.9M lines)

The benchmark reports the number of target tokens generated per second (higher is better). The results are aggregated over multiple runs. See the benchmark scripts for more details and reproduce these numbers.

Please note that the results presented below are only valid for the configuration used during this benchmark: absolute and relative performance may change with different settings.

CPU

	Tokens per second	Max. memory	BLEU
OpenNMT-tf WMT14 model
OpenNMT-tf 2.31.0 (with TensorFlow 2.11.0)	209.2	2653MB	26.93
OpenNMT-py WMT14 model
OpenNMT-py 3.0.4 (with PyTorch 1.13.1)	275.8	2012MB	26.77
- int8	323.3	1359MB	26.72
CTranslate2 3.6.0	658.8	849MB	26.77
- int16	733.0	672MB	26.82
- int8	860.2	529MB	26.78
- int8 + vmap	1126.2	598MB	26.64
OPUS-MT model
Transformers 4.26.1 (with PyTorch 1.13.1)	147.3	2332MB	27.90
Marian 1.11.0	344.5	7605MB	27.93
- int16	330.2	5901MB	27.65
- int8	355.8	4763MB	27.27
CTranslate2 3.6.0	525.0	721MB	27.92
- int16	596.1	660MB	27.53
- int8	696.1	516MB	27.65

Executed with 4 threads on a c5.2xlarge Amazon EC2 instance equipped with an Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8275CL CPU.

GPU

	Tokens per second	Max. GPU memory	Max. CPU memory	BLEU
OpenNMT-tf WMT14 model
OpenNMT-tf 2.31.0 (with TensorFlow 2.11.0)	1483.5	3031MB	3122MB	26.94
OpenNMT-py WMT14 model
OpenNMT-py 3.0.4 (with PyTorch 1.13.1)	1795.2	2973MB	3099MB	26.77
FasterTransformer 5.3	6979.0	2402MB	1131MB	26.77
- float16	8592.5	1360MB	1135MB	26.80
CTranslate2 3.6.0	6634.7	1261MB	953MB	26.77
- int8	8567.2	1005MB	807MB	26.85
- float16	10990.7	941MB	807MB	26.77
- int8 + float16	8725.4	813MB	800MB	26.83
OPUS-MT model
Transformers 4.26.1 (with PyTorch 1.13.1)	1022.9	4097MB	2109MB	27.90
Marian 1.11.0	3241.0	3381MB	2156MB	27.92
- float16	3962.4	3239MB	1976MB	27.94
CTranslate2 3.6.0	5876.4	1197MB	754MB	27.92
- int8	7521.9	1005MB	792MB	27.79
- float16	9296.7	909MB	814MB	27.90
- int8 + float16	8362.7	813MB	766MB	27.90

Executed with CUDA 11 on a g5.xlarge Amazon EC2 instance equipped with a NVIDIA A10G GPU (driver version: 510.47.03).

Additional resources

• Documentation
• Forum
• Gitter