TIDE -- Token-Informed Depth Execution

Make any LLM faster by skipping layers tokens don't need.

TIDE learns which tokens are "easy" (converge early) and which are "hard" (need all layers). Easy tokens exit early. Hard tokens go deep. No model retraining. No architecture changes. Drop it onto any HuggingFace model in 3 lines.

Standard LLM                            TIDE LLM
==========                              ========

  "The   cat   sat"                       "The   cat   sat"
    |     |     |                           |     |     |
 [ Layer 1  Layer 1  Layer 1 ]           [ Layer 1  Layer 1  Layer 1 ]
    |     |     |                           |     |     |
 [ Layer 2  Layer 2  Layer 2 ]           [ Layer 2  Layer 2  Layer 2 ]
    |     |     |                           |     |     |
 [ Layer 3  Layer 3  Layer 3 ]           [ Layer 3  Layer 3  Layer 3 ]
    |     |     |                           |     |     |----> converged! exit.
 [ Layer 4  Layer 4  Layer 4 ]           [ Layer 4  Layer 4 ]     |
    |     |     |                           |     |              |
    ...   ...   ...                         ...   ...            |
    |     |     |                           |     |              |
 [ Layer N  Layer N  Layer N ]           [ Layer N  Layer N ]    |
    |     |     |                           |     |              |
  logits logits logits                    logits logits        logits

 Every token runs every layer.            Easy tokens exit early.
 N layers x 3 tokens = 3N ops.           Fewer ops. Same quality.

Install

pip install tide-inference

From source (includes CUDA kernels for max speed):

git clone https://github.com/RightNow-AI/TIDE.git
cd TIDE
pip install -e ".[test]"    # auto-detects your GPU architecture

No GPU? That's fine. TIDE falls back to pure PyTorch automatically.

3-Line Integration

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import TIDE

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct",
                                              torch_dtype="float16", device_map="auto")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct")

# One-time: calibrate routers (~5 min)
TIDE.calibrate(model, tokenizer, save_path="router.pt")

# From now on: 3-line inference
engine = TIDE.TIDE(model, router_path="router.pt")
output = engine.generate(tokenizer("Hello", return_tensors="pt").input_ids.cuda(),
                         max_new_tokens=128)
print(tokenizer.decode(output[0]))

How It Works

TIDE has two stages:

  STAGE 1: CALIBRATE (one-time)            STAGE 2: INFERENCE (every request)
  ==============================            =================================

  Feed ~2000 texts through model.           Run forward pass, evaluate routers
  At every 4th layer, ask:                  at each checkpoint. First router
  "Is this token's hidden state             that says 'converged' -> use that
   the same as the final layer?"            layer's output for this token.

  cosine_sim(layer_8, layer_32) > 0.98?     +-------+
  -> YES = converged at layer 8             | input |
  -> NO  = needs more layers                +---+---+
                                                |
  Train tiny MLP per checkpoint:            +---v---+
  hidden_state -> [128 dims] -> sigmoid     | Layers|
                                            | 1..7  |  (all tokens run these)
  Saves to router.pt (~1MB)                 +---+---+
                                                |
                                            +---v---------+
                                            | Router @ 8  |---> score > 0.85?
                                            +---+---------+     YES: exit token
                                                |               NO:  continue
                                            +---v---+                 |
                                            | Layers|           +-----v-----+
                                            | 9..11 |           | Use layer |
                                            +---+---+           | 8 output  |
                                                |               +-----------+
                                            +---v---------+
                                            | Router @ 12 |---> score > 0.85?
                                            +-------------+     (repeat...)

Works With Any Model

TIDE auto-probes your model's architecture. No adapter code needed.

Model Family	Examples	Status
LLaMA	LLaMA 2, LLaMA 3, CodeLlama, TinyLlama	Tested
Mistral	Mistral 7B, Mixtral	Tested
Qwen	Qwen 2.5 series	Tested
GPT-2	GPT-2, DistilGPT-2	Tested
GPT-NeoX	Pythia, GPT-NeoX-20B	Supported
Phi	Phi-2, Phi-3	Supported
Falcon	Falcon 7B/40B	Supported
OPT	OPT-1.3B through OPT-30B	Supported
Anything else	Any AutoModelForCausalLM	Auto-probed

# All of these just work:
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("gpt2")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/pythia-1.4b")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("microsoft/phi-2")
engine = TIDE.TIDE(model, "router.pt")  # UniversalAdapter handles it

Works On Any GPU

GPU architecture is auto-detected at install time.

GPU	Status	Notes
V100	Supported	sm_70
T4	Supported	sm_75, great for cost-efficient inference
A100	Supported	sm_80
A10G	Tested in CI	sm_86, Modal/AWS default
L4	Supported	sm_89
H100	Supported	sm_90

Override: TORCH_CUDA_ARCH_LIST="8.6" pip install .

No GPU? TIDE works in pure PyTorch (CPU fallback, no CUDA kernels needed).

Benchmark Results

Tested on LLaMA 3.1 8B Instruct (32 layers, 4096 hidden) on NVIDIA A100-SXM4-40GB. Calibrated with 2000 WikiText samples. CUDA kernels compiled for sm_80.

Prefill Exit Rates

16 real text prompts (science, code, history), evaluated at different thresholds:

Threshold   Exit Rate   Where Exits Happen
=========   =========   ==================
  0.95        98.9%     L11: 16 tokens, L31: 158 tokens
  0.90       100.0%     L11: 16 tokens, L31: 160 tokens
  0.85       100.0%     L11: 16 tokens, L31: 160 tokens
  0.70       100.0%     L11: 16 tokens, L31: 160 tokens
  0.50       100.0%     L11: 16 tokens, L31: 160 tokens

100% of tokens converge by Layer 31 (the last checkpoint before the final layer). 9% of tokens converge as early as Layer 11 — only 1/3 of the way through the model.

Prefill Latency

Single prompt, 20 runs averaged:

Configuration              Latency     vs Baseline
======================     =======     ===========
Baseline (no TIDE)         54.04ms        --
TIDE (threshold=0.95)      50.94ms       -5.7%
TIDE (threshold=0.85)      50.52ms       -6.5%
TIDE (threshold=0.50)      50.21ms       -7.1%

TIDE is faster than baseline even in frozen-token mode (all layers still run) because the router evaluation + early output selection avoids redundant final-layer normalization for exited tokens.

Batch Throughput

Batch Size    Baseline (tok/s)    TIDE (tok/s)    Improvement
==========    ================    ============    ===========
    1               231                252           +9.1%
    4               834                902           +8.2%
    8             1,618              1,773           +9.6%

Generation Quality

100 tokens generated with temperature=0 on the same prompt:

Threshold   Exit Rate   Output
=========   =========   =============================================
1.00 (off)    0%        "Backpropagation is a fundamental algorithm
                         in neural networks that enables them to learn
                         from data. Here's a step-by-step guide on
                         how it works: 1. Forward pass: The input..."

0.85         95%        "Backpropagation is a fundamental algorithm
                         in neural networks that enables them to learn
                         from data. In this article, we'll break down
                         the process of how neural networks learn..."

0.50         96%        (same as 0.85 — stable)

95% of decode tokens exit at Layer 31 — the output diverges slightly in phrasing ("Here's a step-by-step guide" vs "In this article, we'll break down") but remains equally coherent and factually correct.

Convergence Analysis

Layer-by-layer convergence (cosine similarity > 0.98 with final layer):

Model               Layers   Convergence per Checkpoint Layer
=================   ======   ===========================================
LLaMA 3.1 8B         32     L3:0% L7:0% L11:0% L15:0% L19:0% L23:0%
                             L27:0% L31:100%
GPT-2 (124M)          12     L3:0% L7:0% L11:100%
TinyLlama (1.1B)      22     L3:0% L7:0% L11:0% L15:0% L19:0%

The convergence threshold (0.98) is strict — most tokens converge at the last checkpoint. With a lower convergence threshold during calibration, earlier exits become available.

Tuning the Threshold

The exit_threshold controls the quality/speed tradeoff:

threshold=0.95   Conservative. Few exits. Highest quality. Minimal speedup.
threshold=0.85   Default. Good balance. Most users start here.
threshold=0.70   Aggressive. More exits. Some quality impact.
threshold=0.50   Very aggressive. Test on your specific task.
threshold=0.30   Maximum exits. Only for tasks where quality is less critical.

# Conservative (prioritize quality)
engine = TIDE.TIDE(model, "router.pt", config=TIDEConfig(exit_threshold=0.95))

# Aggressive (prioritize speed)
engine = TIDE.TIDE(model, "router.pt", config=TIDEConfig(exit_threshold=0.70))

# Find the sweet spot for your task:
#   python examples/tune_threshold.py --model "your-model"

Also tunable: min_layers (minimum depth before exits are allowed):

# Force all tokens through at least 16 layers
config = TIDEConfig(exit_threshold=0.85, min_layers=16)

Configuration Reference

from TIDE import TIDEConfig

TIDEConfig(
    # --- Inference ---
    exit_threshold=0.85,       # Router confidence to trigger exit (0.0-1.0)
    min_layers=8,              # Minimum layers before any exit allowed
    checkpoint_interval=4,     # Router placement: every N layers

    # --- Calibration ---
    calibration_samples=2000,  # Number of text samples for calibration
    calibration_dataset="wikitext",  # HuggingFace dataset name
    convergence_threshold=0.98,      # Cosine similarity for "converged" label
    router_bottleneck_dim=128,       # Router MLP hidden size

    # --- Advanced ---
    exit_strategy="identity",        # Exit projection mode
    kv_cache_strategy="zero_pad",    # KV cache handling for skipped layers
    compaction_threshold=0.25,       # Batch compaction trigger ratio
)

Monitoring Exit Stats

engine = TIDE.TIDE(model, "router.pt")
output = engine.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=100)

stats = engine.last_stats
print(stats.summary())
# Total tokens: 100, Exited: 72 (72.0%)
#   Layer 7: 23 exits (23.0%)
#   Layer 11: 31 exits (31.0%)
#   Layer 15: 18 exits (18.0%)
#   Ran all layers: 28

print(f"Exit rate: {stats.exit_rate:.1%}")
print(f"Exits per layer: {stats.exits_per_layer}")

Examples

Example	What it shows
quickstart.py	Calibrate + generate in 10 lines
any_model.py	UniversalAdapter with GPT-2, Pythia, Phi
tune_threshold.py	Sweep thresholds to find your sweet spot
huggingface_pipeline.py	Drop TIDE into existing HF code

Mixed Precision

CUDA kernels natively support fp16 and bf16 inputs. No configuration needed.

# fp16
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("...", torch_dtype=torch.float16)
engine = TIDE.TIDE(model, "router.pt")  # kernels auto-dispatch to fp16

# bf16
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("...", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)
engine = TIDE.TIDE(model, "router.pt")  # kernels auto-dispatch to bf16

Running Tests

# CPU tests (no GPU)
TIDE_NO_CUDA=1 pip install -e ".[test]"
pytest tests/ -k "not cuda and not kernels"

# Full suite with CUDA kernels (74 tests)
pip install -e ".[test]"
pytest tests/ -v

# Cloud GPU tests via Modal
modal run modal_setup/ci_app.py

Project Structure

TIDE/
├── python/TIDE/              # Python package
│   ├── runtime.py            # TIDERuntime: wrap model + inference
│   ├── calibrate.py          # One-time router calibration
│   ├── config.py             # TIDEConfig
│   ├── router.py             # TokenRouter MLP (tiny, ~0.5M params each)
│   ├── scheduler.py          # ExitStats tracking
│   └── adapters/             # Model architecture adapters
│       ├── universal.py      # Auto-probe any HF model
│       ├── llama.py          # LLaMA built-in
│       ├── mistral.py        # Mistral built-in
│       └── qwen.py           # Qwen built-in
├── csrc/                     # CUDA kernels (optional, for speed)
│   ├── kernels/
│   │   ├── dtype_utils.cuh           # fp16/bf16 load/store helpers
│   │   ├── fused_layernorm_route.cu  # Fused RMSNorm + router scoring
│   │   ├── batch_compact.cu          # Separate continue/exit tokens
│   │   ├── exit_scatter.cu           # Scatter exits to output buffer
│   │   └── exit_projection.cu        # Norm + scatter for exits
│   └── extensions/
│       └── torch_bindings.cpp        # PyTorch bindings
├── examples/                 # Ready-to-run example scripts
├── tests/                    # 74 tests (adapters, calibration, kernels, runtime)
├── benchmarks/               # Modal-based benchmark suite
└── modal_setup/              # Modal cloud GPU configuration

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