Decode `in_len` base64url chars (with or without "=" padding; tolerates * stray "+" / "/" from buggy producers). Returns malloc'd bytes; length * in

* @brief Whether `pkey` is a curve whose order length matches `alg`. * * RFC 7518 §3.4 binds each ES* alg to a specific curve: * ES256 → P-256, E

* @brief Returns the human-readable name of a log level. * * Maps a `LogLevel` to its uppercase string: `"DEBUG"`, `"INFO"`, `"WARN"`, * `"ERROR"`

* @brief Computes the (thin) singular value decomposition of a matrix. * * The C analogue of NumPy's `numpy.linalg.svd(M, full_matrices=False)`: fac

Returns the precedence of the operator. Higher numbers mean higher precedence. */

Case-insensitive header lookup within a RAW header block (bytes [0,header_len), * i.e. up to and including the terminating CRLFCRLF). Copies the OWS-

* @brief Replaces one subtree as a child of its parent with another subtree. * * This function is used during the deletion of a node in a Red-Black

@brief Internal: true when both sets are non-NULL and share an element size. */

@brief Replaces the subtree rooted at `u` with the subtree rooted at `v`. */

* @brief Resizes the line buffer if needed. * * This function checks if the current number of lines exceeds the allocated capacity. If the capacity

Internal helper used by config_to_string: append @p s to a growing * heap buffer with geometric resize. Returns true on success. */

* @brief Creates a new, empty ordered set. * * Every element later inserted is deep-copied into the set (the set owns * `elemSize` bytes per elemen

* @brief Stable, divide-and-conquer merge sort. * * Recursively splits the array in half, sorts each side, then merges. * **Stable.** Always O(n lo

* @brief In-place quicksort with Lomuto partitioning. * * Divides the array around a pivot (last element) and recurses on each side. * **Not stable

helper functin for add square of each element in data

* @brief Appends a single character to the end of the String object. * * This function appends the character `chItem` to the end of the String objec

* @brief Duplicates up to `n` characters from a given string. * * This function creates a new string by duplicating the first `n` characters * from

* @brief Associates an SSL object with a TCP socket. * * This function maps an SSL object to a specified TCP socket, which allows the socket to be u

* @brief Creates a TCP socket. * * This function creates a new TCP socket and stores it in the provided `sock` parameter. * It handles socket cre

* @brief Wait until the socket can accept a write, or time out. * * Blocks in `select()` until the socket is writable or @p timeout_ms elapses. * M

DNS / URL / OID / X.500 differ only in octet index 3 (10/11/12/14). */

Stamp the version nibble (octet 6) and the RFC 4122 variant bits (octet 8). */

* This function performs cleanup for thread-specific storage (TSS) data at thread exit. * It iterates over all thread-specific data keys, invoking th

* @brief Tests whether a specific bit is set in the Bitset. * * Checks if the bit at the specified position in the Bitset is set to 1. * * @param

Append `sec` to the file's section array, growing it GEOMETRICALLY.*/

True if `s` contains the token "chunked" (case-insensitive). Good enough to * detect `Transfer-Encoding: chunked` (possibly after other codings). */

Case-insensitive ASCII equality (avoids non-portable strcasecmp). */

Compute the effective x/y min/max used for rendering. Each axis is * auto-scaled to the data unless a manual range was pinned with * plot_set_xlim /

* Broadcasts to a condition variable. * * Unblocks all of the threads currently blocked on the specified condition variable. * If no threads are bl

* @brief Frees all memory associated with the configuration structure. * * This function deallocates all memory used by the ConfigFile structure, in

Push a single character onto the growable field buffer. */

* @brief Returns the day of the week for the given date. * * This function calculates the day of the week for the specified Date object. * The retu

* @brief Compares two dates for equality. * * This function checks if two Date objects are equal by comparing their year, month, and day fields. *

* @brief Checks if a given year is a leap year for a specific calendar type. * * This function determines if the provided year is a leap year accord

* @brief Converts a Date object to a Julian Day Number. * * This function converts a given date in the Gregorian calendar to the corresponding Julia

* @brief Inserts an item at the back of the deque. * * This function inserts a new item at the back of the deque. If necessary, it allocates a new b

Allocate a detached node holding a COPY of `value` (itemSize bytes) stored * inline. next/prev are NULL; the caller links it in. Returns NULL on OOM.

function to subtract vector projection of u onto v from u (u = u - proj_v(u))

* Validates a SINGLE UTF-8 sequence (one codepoint's worth of bytes: 1–4). * `length` must be in [1, 4]; values outside that range return false. * T

* Evaluates an RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) expression. * * @param rpnTokens Array of tokens in RPN order. * @param numTokens Number of tokens in

Converts an ezxml structure back to xml. Returns a string of xml data that must be freed.

Function to calculate factorial

* @brief Gets the size of the file associated with the `FileReader`. * * This function returns the size of the file in bytes. * * @param reader A

* @brief Compares two ForwardLists to determine if they are equal. * * This function checks if the elements in `list1` are equal to those in `list2

* @brief Adds a new element to the front of the ForwardList. * * This function creates a new node with the provided `value` and inserts it at the *

* @brief Insert or update. * * If @p key already exists: the existing value is replaced (the old * value is freed via `dealloc_value` if configured

* @brief Dereference: return the entry the iterator points at. * * The returned `HashMapEntry` is a value copy of the (borrowed) key * and value po

* @brief Iterator equality: same map, same bucket, same node pointer. * * @return `false` if either argument is NULL. */

* @brief Advance @p it to the next entry. * * Walks the current bucket's chain first, then probes forward for the * next non-empty bucket. Becomes

Helper function to find the next prime number

Hex digit (0-9, a-f, A-F) to integer value, or -1 on miss. */

Blocking recv gated by a per-read IDLE timeout. We wait up to timeout_ms for * the socket to become readable using select() (via tcp_wait_readable) a

* @brief Look up a header on a response by name (case-sensitive). * * Mirrors `http_get_header` but for the response side, so handlers can * inspec

* @brief Shortcut: set the response status + body to the same error message. * * Equivalent to `http_set_status(res, code, message)` followed by *

* @brief Attach a plain-text body to the response. * * Copies `body` and appends a `Content-Type: text/plain` header. Frees * any previous body so

* @brief Recursively formats a JSON element into a pretty-printed JSON-formatted string. * * This function processes different types of JSON elemen

* @brief Internal function for serializing a JSON element into a JSON-formatted string. * * This function serializes different types of JSON elemen

* @brief Whether the algorithm is RSA-PKCS#1-v1.5 (RS256/384/512). * * Note this does NOT include the PS* family — those also use RSA keys * but ap

* @brief Whether the algorithm consumes an RSA-shaped key (RS* or PS*). * * Useful when deciding which key constructor to call from a JWK whose * `

Encode `in_len` bytes of input to base64url. Output is malloc'd, NUL- * terminated, length returned in *out_len (excluding NUL). NULL on OOM. */

* @brief Parse a compact-serialization JWT without verifying its signature. * * Returns a populated token whose header / payload / signature bytes /

* @brief Return the JOSE-mandated raw R||S signature length for an ES* alg. * * JWS represents ECDSA signatures as the fixed-size concatenation of t

Safely convert a JSON number (double) to int64. Rejects NaN, +/-Inf, and any value outside the representable int64 range — a direct (int64_t) cast

* @brief Checks if two lists are lexicographically equal. * * @param list1 Pointer to the first list. * @param list2 Pointer to the second list.

* @brief Adds a new element to the back of the list. * * This function creates a new node and adds it to the back of the list. The new node contains

* @brief Retrieves the value associated with the specified key in the map. * * This function searches for a key in the map and returns the associate

Match a registered route template against a concrete request path. * Supports a single `{name}` placeholder that parses as an integer into * *id_out

* @brief Creates an identity matrix of size n x n. * * An identity matrix is a square matrix with 1's on the main diagonal and 0's elsewhere. * *

* @brief Calculates the determinant of a square matrix. * * This function computes the determinant of a square matrix using a recursive approach.

* @brief Fills a matrix with a specified value. * * This function sets every element of the matrix to the provided value. * * @param matrix The ma

* @brief Internal parser function to handle different JSON elements based on the current token. * * This function is called to parse the current el

* @brief Byte-exact equality of the underlying heap storage. * * Two queues are equal iff they point to the same PriorityQueue OR * they have match

* @brief Byte-exact equality between two queues (NULL == NULL). * * Two queues are equal iff they point to the same Queue OR they have * matching s

Internal helper: random size_t in [0, n). Used by shuffle/choice/sample. */

Allocate a node from the pool and initialise it (RED, no children). */

* @brief Restores Red-Black Tree properties after a node insertion. * * This function ensures that the Red-Black Tree properties are maintained afte

@brief BST lookup of the node equal to `element`, or NULL if absent. */

@brief Leftmost (minimum) node of a subtree, or NULL. */

* @brief Zero-initialize a SortStats counter structure. * * Resets `comparisons`, `swaps`, `recursive_calls`, and `execution_time_ms` * to zero and

@brief true if both stacks hold the same bytes (NULL == NULL). */

* @brief This function returns the length of the given C-string `str`, excluding the * null terminator. * * @param str The C-string whose length is

* @brief Connect with a bounded timeout, so a connect never hangs. * * A drop-in alternative to `tcp_connect` that refuses to block longer than * @

* @brief Receives data from a TCP socket. * * This function attempts to receive data from the specified TCP socket into the provided buffer. * The

* @brief This function checks if two Time objects represent the same time. It returns true if the hour, minute, * second, and millisecond values of